Economics Definition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics Definition - Essay Example The essay "Economics Definition" discusses the definition of economics. Adam Smith defined Economics as the science of wealth. Economists define wealth as one that has â€Å"Value in use† and â€Å"Value in exchange†. Economics is the study of how wants are satisfied and decisions made when faced with limited resources. Modern economics pretty much continues along Smith’s line of analysis: ‘a nation and the people do well when the economy does well, and when the economy is in crisis or doesn't do well, the nation suffers and so do the people as they don't always get the goods and services they need.’ Microeconomics is defined at the level of individual choices. This branch of economics is mainly concerned with the decisions made by individual consumers, households, and firms and how these decisions interact with each other to form the prices of goods and services and the factors of production. This is basically a bottom up approach where looking at t he smaller picture individual's relationship to the economy remains the focus area. Macroeconomics is defined at the level of aggregate results in which we study the national income, employment, interest rates, goods and services produced, total income earned, exchange rates, prices etc. In this study, the national economy is studied and compared with global economics. Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how best to influence policy decisions and goals like economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of payments.

Modern Britain Essay Example for Free

Modern Britain Essay Being able to come to a believable conclusion about this statement could be quite hard due to the many definitions of religion and secularisation in the first place. There are so many different definitions for these that defining it correctly once arent the case. However secularisation is overall seen to be the decline in importance given to religion. Wilson put forward the idea that religion has declined and is now less important / influential in society than it was in the past. This was known as the secularisation thesis. Wilson focuses on statistical evidence relating to religious institutions and their activity. Church attendance statistics are used for evidence of secularisation in the UK and these vary and show big differences. The fall and rise of statistics in different areas show that religion has little influence today. Interpretive sociologists say that these statistics should be treated with caution as statistics for previous centuries may be inaccurate as data wasnt collected as well as it is today, the golden myth is not accurate and it could be misleading. On the other hand present statistics may not either be reliable as different religious organisations could have different counting methods to one another and also previous centuries. Bellah questions the validity of statistics, as they dont show the full picture e. g. a person attending church doesnt have to mean that they are religious. He says that religion is a private experience and cannot be measured for most people. Statistical evidence only tells us about participation in certain institutionalised religions, not religious belief / practice as a whole. Wilson suggests that rational thinking in the shape of science has replaced religious influence in our lives because scientific progress has resulted in higher living standards. Science has also come up with convincing explanations for phenomena which were once given by religious organisations e. g. how the world was created. People have therefore become increasingly disenchanted with religion. However people say that Wilson maybe overemphasising the influence of rationality, evidence tells us that people at times prefer religious explanations to scientific explanations. Social attitude surveys tell us that 70% of the UK population profess a string belief in god. Many people subscribe to quasi religious concepts such as luck or fate. There has been a decline in commitment to beliefs. Membership of high commitment organisations has generally decreased and low commitment organisations membership has increased. The popularity of some cults may be explained by the fact that they do not demand a great deal of commitment. Wilson argues that the church is no longer involved in important areas of social life such as politics. He says that politicians have no interest in making sure their policies meet with the approval of religious leaders. The media is more likely to have an impact and direct people rather than the church. Wilson says that the church has become disengaged from the wider society and only plays a marginal role in modern society. However critics say that religion is still a major provider of education and welfare in society today. The media still shows a great interest in religious issues such as women priests or the Church of Englands attitudes to homosexuality. National religious ceremonies such as the funeral of Princess Diana suggest that the sacred might still be important.

Discover The Adventure of a Lifetime in South Dakota Essay -- Tourism

Named for the Dakota branch of the Sioux Indian Nation, the State of South Dakota is a state that tells the story of America's westward expansion in a way that just can't be found elsewhere in the country. From gold strikes to battles with the Indians, South Dakota is one state that fulfills the typical Hollywood image of the Old West. However, visitors to this fascinating state will find that the story of South Dakota is much more interesting than any Hollywood western that they have ever seen. All in all, South Dakota offers visitors the adventure of a lifetime. South Dakota's Natural Attractions One of South Dakota's finest natural attractions is Badlands National Park near Rapid City. This national park comprises 244,000 acres of protected land that features wildlife like bison and antelope. In addition to this, there are numerous fossils that are found within the park that provide an interesting look into this land's geological past. With hundreds of miles of hiking trails and numerous other activities for visitors, Badlands National Park is one natural attraction that nature lovers will definitely enjoy. Another fantastic natural attraction in South Dakota is the Black Hills National Forest near Deadwood. This magnificent forest covers an area of 125 miles long and 65 miles wide and features some of the most majestic rock formations and canyons found anywhere in the United States. In addition to its rock formations, this forest offers some of the finest biking and hiking trails found anywhere in the United States. All in all, visitors to Black Hills National Forest leave with a deeper appreciation for the gorgeous natural beauty found in this region. South Dakota's Cultural Attractions Besides having numerous ... ...uth Dakota an adventure to remember for the rest of your life. Sources â€Å"Top 10 Vacation Attractions in South Dakota,† Choice Hotels http://centralus.choicehotels.com/south-dakota-hotels/top10attractions â€Å"Most Popular Attractions,† South Dakota.com http://www.southdakota.com/most-popular-attractions/328 â€Å"South Dakota,† Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota â€Å"Badlands National Park,† National Park Service http://www.nps.gov/badl/index.htm â€Å"Black Hills National Forest,† South Dakota.com http://www.southdakota.com/black-hills-national-forest/103 â€Å"Black Hills National Forest,† US Forest Service http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:-ibL4Cz7AvIJ:fs.usda.gov/blackhills+black+hills+national+forest&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a â€Å"Wall Drug,† South Dakota.com http://www.southdakota.com/wall-drug/282

Consumer Motivation and the Implication on Marketing

Consumer motivation and the implication on marketing Introduction: The main purpose of marketing is to create value for customers so as to help the company to be success. Therefore, it is very important for marketers to understand its customers, especially on what motivate customers’ consumption behaviors so as to establish good marketing strategies. In this report, it aims at analysis consumer motivations. Firstly, it will start with the description the term of consumers’ needs as well as discuss different types if needs that consumers have as well as analysis the Maslow’s needs hierarchy and its implications.This is important for understanding customers’ motivation since it is the basic demand of customers that promote their motivations. Secondly, it will mainly look at and understand the process of goal setting by consumers and then it will describe the process of the motivations which was embarked by unfulfilled needs and throughout the way of tension generation, driving, consumer behavior and goal generation.Thirdly, It will look at the motivation strength and Directions, which is mainly about the result of the motivation that create certain level of influence on consumers which induce them to create a certain strength of feeling to fulfilled such unfulfilled needs as well as the effect of the external factors which produce a influence that direct consumers to make decisions. Then, the motivation conflicts will be introduced which includes three main types that are the approach –approach conflict, the approach-avoidance conflict as well as the avoidance-avoidance conflict and it will further discuss the implications on making market strategies.Finally, consumers involvement will be discuss, this is the consumers’ response to their process of motivations and it can be helpful for marketers to evaluation the marketing performance on the influence of consumers’ motivation. 1. Consumers’ needs The term of consumers’ needs is similar to the term of demand and want, which is mainly about a process or way that can satisfy each individual customers which have their unique history, learning experiences as well as their culture environment (Agrawal, 1989). It is different from consumers’ otivations, since the need is the intrinsic demand based on the nature or the experience and background of consumers, such as the need of food and drink as well as the need of entertainment. The need cannot be created by marketers; however, they can affect the purchasing behavior of customers through their influence on the motivating processes. The need can be seen as the precondition of the motivation progress, since the process of generate consumers’ motivation is depending on if they have such need as well as if such need is realized. Generally, the needs can be classified as three types.The first one is the innate needs, which arise from the nature of human being For example; peop le need food, drink, air and shelter. These needs are necessary to maintain their lives and therefore, they are also termed as the biogenic needs. The second type of need is named as the psychogenic needs, which is relevant to the desire to be involved in the society and become a member of a culture. For example, the need of power, statuses as well as affiliation are subject to this category. The third one is called as the utilitarian or hedonic needs. This utilitarian need is a need for a tangible attributes of products as well as its durability.For example, consumers would like to buy a fuel economy car rather than a car which consume too much petrol. While the hedonic needs are subjective and experimental. For example, certain customers would like to consume milk of one particular brand rather than any others as they believe it is the best brand milk with high quality even through the price is higher and the products is of high homogeneous. One of the most important theories on n eeds is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory, which is important for guiding marketers understanding the needs of different people and thus setting strategies to better influence their motivations.In Maslow’s theory, it formulated a hierarchy of needs and in each level, the specific needs was clarified. The bottom level of need in the hierarchy is the physiological needs, which is the most proponent of all the other needs, since, if these need cannot been met, the human body would simply cannot continue to function. Examples of such needs are the need of air, water and food which is requirement for survive and the need of clothing and shelter which is requirement of protections. The next level of needs is termed as the safety needs, which is about to satisfy the feeling of security by people.This includes the requirement of personal security, financial security, health and well-being as well as the Safety net against accidents or illness and their adverse impacts. Th e upper level of need is termed as social need. It can be described as the requirement of human to satisfy their feeling a sense of belongings and acceptance, which include the needs of friendship, intimacy as well as family. The second highest level of need is self-esteem, which is the need by human being to be respected and accepted by others.Generally, there are two types of esteem needs; the first one is the need for respect of others, such as the need for status, recognition, frame, prestige and attention. The other one is the need for self-respect, such as the need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom (Maslow, 1954). The needs at the peak of the hierarchy are self-actualization. It is described as a ‘desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming’ (Maslow, 1954).Which illustrate the desire for a person to have its own value is realized in the society. The implic ation of Maslow’s needs hierarchy is magnitude for marketers. Firstly, it stated that human’s need can be ranked and classified as different level and without the satisfaction of the lower level of needs; it would not create motivations for people to fulfill the needs ranked on higher level. Therefore, marketers should adopt strategies approaching to motivations which should specifies certain types of product benefits people might be searching for, which is depending on the level of needs they are searching for. . Motivation process and goal setting process The term of motivation refers to the processes that cause ‘people to behave as they do’ (Runyon and Steward, 1987). Generally, it arises when the consumer realized that his or her need was not satisfied or he or she recognized a need that has never been recognized before. The process of motivation begins at the state of tension which result in the unfulfilled needs or when new needs were activated. Duri ng this stage, consumers would try to find some ways to reduce or eliminate such tension.After the needs were recognized and the tensions were generated, consumers will come into the process of goals setting. This process can be described as transferring the intangible feeling of demand and desire to the specific, measureable, attainable and realistic subjects (Runyon and Steward, 1987). For example, the lacking of water in the body of consumer would create a tension which is an undesirable feeling of thirsty, then the goal of consumer would be eliminate the bad feeling due to lack of water.Another example is that you feel short of confidence when you working in a position which needs high degree of some specific knowledge, this undesirable tension of short of confidence might induce you to find some way of gaining knowledge and make yourself more confident. After the goal was setting, consumers will formulating a goal intension, such as buying a bottle of juice or water or a decisi on on take participate in part time study in universities.Then an action planning is needed to specify the approach of achieving the goal, this is a more detail projects for each consumer, such as what kind of drinks and which brand should be chosen or when, which university should you take participate in and how long should it be enough to improve the knowledge. Then consumers need to make an action initiation and the process of control so as to attain the goal (Shail and Antoine, 2006). The implication on the understanding of the goal setting process on motivation is that this can be affected by various factors.An individual consumer would select certain goals rather than others based on factors such as his or her personal experiences, Physical capacity, the academic and culture background as well as the accessibility in the physical and social environment. Also, these factors can be further divided into two types. The first one is the intrinsic factor, which comes from the inside of the consumers themselves, such as the feeling of fitter, stronger and healthier as well as being capable of doing things that they never try before.While the extrinsically factors are those factor outside the consumers themselves. For example, people who are doing routine exercises for the sake of lose weight, gaining muscle or just looking better, even though they might not enjoy the process of exercise itself. Therefore, when considering consumer motivations, it is mainly the extrinsic factors that marketer need to make consideration and investigation so as to generate relevant marketing strategies which can drive consumers to matching their goals with the products that produced by the company.Further, it should also be noted that the process of goal setting by consumers are not purely based on motivations, rather, it also based on rationality. The rationality means consumers would select goals based on the overall objective criteria to satisfy their needs, those criteria incl ude the size, price or the weight. For example, when a consumer decides to buy a bag of flour, he will just choose the home-brand bag produced by the supermarket itself which is simply because this is the cheapest one. Also, customers’ selecting of certain goals is based on emotional motives which are quire subjective.For example, when certain consumers decides to buy a bag of flour, they would buy some particular brand no matter what the price is and how similar this products to the bag flour on other brands. This implicated that not all goals or not all customers can be motivated, since they also selecting goals based on rationality. therefore, when setting marketing strategies, it is important to understanding the customers’ behavior as well as what kinds of goal setting process would be more rely on motivating factors.For example, when a company producing a products which is mainly selected under rationality, the company should pay more attention on factors such as the price, size as well as it utilities. While when producing a products which is mainly selected under motivation, the company should invest more on the appearance of the products, the loyalty of the brand as well as advertizing. 3. Motivation strength and directions The motivation strength is used to evaluate the degree or power of the motivation on the process of goal setting, after the goal is attained and the tension is reduced.In this stage, motivation is described as a sort of power that drives consumers to take actions to settle their goals (Koler, 1994). This is specifically importance when there is a conflict between different needs of consumers. For example, a consumer is desired to eat nice fat food while at the mean time, he or she wish to lose some weight and being looked better. These two demands are conflict with each other, and then the action by consumers would affected might the strengthens of emotion to achieve the goal, which means, if the consumer has a strong emotion of losing weight, then he or she is more likely to give up a nice dinner.Therefore, it can be found that maintain a certain level of motivation is important for marketer as well, since the competitors are also performed on the market and trying to affect the purchasing decisions on consumers. Marketer should ensure that the strength of motivation on the products is strong enough so as to attract a group of loyal customers can maintain the share on the market. Another important term on the consumers’ motivation is motivation direction. As mentioned above, the consumers’ behaviors as well as their specific objective of satisfy a need is goal oriented.However, in many circumstance, there are many alternatives that can be used to satisfy the consumers’ goals. Therefore, it is very important for marketers to enforcing effective strategies to convince consumers to purchasing their companies products. For example, when a customer decides to choose a transport to help him or her travel from Sydney to Brisbane, there are many alternatives such as travel by plane, on the sea or driving by him or herself. Even when he or she decided to take the plane to the destination, there are many air companies as well as different class of seat that are available for his or her to choose.The directions can be either positive or negative and thus it will result in customers’ goal to be negative or negative. The positive goal is the one that forward to directly directing consumers’ behavior. Customers driving by these goals will seek products that can help them to attain the goal. For example, a customer may willing to purchase nice flowers so as to make their home more beautiful. However, customers can also been driving by negative goals, as they have certain incentives to minimize the negative outcomes (Mower, 1987).For example, a car owner would like to purchase an expensive car insurance, since he want to insure that when there is an und esirable event or any problem on his car, the insurance company could help him solve it in a timely way. 4. Motivational conflicts It is not unusual that consumers have more than one goal and they are motivated by different sources of motivations at the same time. Therefore, in certain circumstances they may conflict of each other and thus, it requires consumers make decision on which goal they want to maintain the most.General, there are three types of motivational conflicts which are the Approach-Approach conflicts, Approach-Avoidance conflicts and Avoidance-Avoidance conflicts. In the Approach-Approach conflicts, a customer needs to choose one goal on the sacrifice of another. This is generally due to the constraint of budgets. For example, a customer may want to buy a book while at the mean time he or she wants to buy a video as well (Engel, Blackwell and Miniard, 1994). However, the amount of money that he or she has can only afford to satisfy one of the goals but not enough fo r both.Another reason for such conflict can be the shortage of time. For example, a student wish to attend a football matching in the afternoon but he also have a course at the same time which he is interested in as well. In this situation, only one goal can be achieved. Also, there is much other constraint which limits the ability of one consumer to achieve his or her goals at the mean time. on the sense of marketing strategies, there is no too much solutions for dealing with such dilemma, while marketer may through better understanding the customer behaviors as well as constraint so as to trying to avoid such conflict as possible.For example, football matches should be arranged on weekends as possible so as to avoid the conflict of time for students and those have to work regularly. The other one is the Approach-avoidance conflict. This conflict is the most general one and it affects marketing strategies the most. This conflict is usually arise from many products or services on th e market have both positive effects while at the mean time they can produce some negative consequences as well. For example, many consumers like to drink coffee; however, they may not get access to it since it may affect their quality.Another example is that many consumers like to eat nice fat food while at the mean time, they are fairing about getting weight due to the high calories. This conflict of human behavior is also termed as the cognitive dissonance, which arises from the premise that people have a need for order and consistency in their lives (Bagozzi, Gurhan and Priester, 2002). This cognitive dissonance can also create intensions as well, therefore, there is a potential for companies to produce relevant products and being purchased if this products can be well used to solve the problem of conflicts.This process is called as a process of cognitive dissonance reduction. This process is achievable because the cognitive dissonance is a conflict arise from logical inconsisten cy between two or more beliefs or behaviors (Bagozzi, Gurhan and Priester, 2002), this can be occurred when a customer make a choice on one of the two goods, which is the alternative to each other, ‘by choosing one product and not the other, the person gets the bad qualities of the chosen product and loses out on the good qualities of the non-chosen one’.Another way of reducing such conflict is to create a new way to get away from such conflict which is not realized by the present customers. For example, companies may choose to produce caffeine free coffee which produces less effect on human’s sleep quality. And also, companies can produce ‘light’, sugar free or fat free food which is tasty but with relatively fewer calories. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict As mentioned before, the goals of consumers might not be only satisfy some needs that they have realized, but also to reduce or eliminate certain unwanted situation that faced by consumers as well.Fo r example, consumers would like to pay insurance on their cars and thus when there are some problems on the car or accidents; they can save money and time for management them. However, the avoidance-avoidance conflicts occur when consumers can only choose one way for avoidance on the sacrifice of another (Wilkie, 1986). For example, customers may face the option of buy a new car which needs to pay a huge amount of money in once or to bear the bad quality of the older car as well as the expense of fixing.On the aspect of marketers, this situation is similar to the approach-approach conflict and the way of solving such problems is to trying to avoid such conflict. For example, companies which sold expensive products can prove credit or installation payment for customers, therefore, customers would more willing to purchase such goods without the painful from a lump sum payment and facing financing difficulties. The implication on marketing when considering the three conflict is that, s ince the conflict would produce certain tension on consumers, it can create needs for reducing or eliminating such tensions.While the main purposes for marketers are satisfy the demand of customers, therefore, it can also create purchasing opportunities by offering the possible solutions to those dilemmas. Further, by well understanding the existence of those conflicts, it can help to guide companies produce the ‘right products’ which have minimum conflicts on consumers’ choice as well. 5. Consumer Involvement The process of consumer involvement is also an important aspect which is central to activating consumer motivates.This process can be defined as a process of combining the aspect the consumers, the products as well as the situation all together so as to determine the consumers’ motivation to get access to related products information (Agrawal, 1989). This is a result of the process of goal setting and motivation, as when customers are cleared about t heir goals and purpose that can meet their needs, they will take more positive steps to get access to relevant products and pay attention to all relevant information.The degree of the efforts that customers want to pay on the products and information is relevant to their needs, goals, values as well as their already obtained knowledge. While the process of get access and evaluating such information is of particular importance for them to make purchasing decision and therefore, it is also very important for marketers to well understand it. Generally, consumers’ involvement can be classified into three types based on their purpose as well as the degree of their attentions. The first one is the purchase involvement, which relate to the level of interest during the buying process.This is directly affecting the purchasing behavior of customers and thus, many promotions are aimed to increase the purchasing involvement of customers. The second one is the message response involvement which is mainly about the marketing communication. In the real marketing, there are many Medias that can transfer information to customers; however, they have different level of attraction for consumer involvement. For example, advertisement on television would create a low involvement. This is because customers are only need to be passively watching the information without any response.However, other activities such as sales promotion or product show conference would result in more positive responses. For example, many car companies would like to have their newly created cars be showed on some luxury shopping malls; this would result in more positive involvement from customers to get access to the information of their products. The third one is the ego involvement, which is relevant to consumers’ self-concept and it is usually independent from certain particular purchase situations (Foxall, 1994).The implications for marketers on consumers’ involvement is that, throu gh consumers may differ due to the level of involvement on getting access to certain product information, marketer still can promote a positive actions to increase customers’ involvement. This can be achieved by understanding some of the basic factors that increase or decrease attention of customer, the ease of receiving relevant information by customers as well as understanding customers’ motivation to get access to and process those relevant information. Therefore, marketers can take different kinds of actions to improve customers’ improvement. 6. ConclusionAs discussed above, the process of consumers’ motivation is never be a simple term or definition, rather, it is an integrated process which leads to consumers achieving their goals and fulfilling their needs. The analysis of consumers’ motivation for marketer is important and it should be started at the point of analyzing the needs from consumers. As described by Maslow’s needs hierarch y which presented that human’s needs are not incurred simultaneously, rather, they can be ranked in a pyramid and, without the fulfillment of the lower level of needs, the desire of fulfilling the needs at higher level would not be triggered.Therefore, marketers should pay attention on the needs in different level so as to ensure that what they are promoting is on certain level. Also, the process of motivation as well as the motivation strength and directions are analyzed as well, the process of motivation is triggered by the realization of needs, which create certain tension on consumers and they are drive to reduce or eliminate such tensions by embark certain behavior and setting more detailed goals to achieve the purpose.However, the wiliness of strength of motivation is used to evaluation the contribution of motivations as well as the inducement of customers’ purchasing behavior. Since the ways of satisfying a specific need of customers’ are always have many alternative, customers’ motivations can be directed by various factors. Further, it is very common that each consumer would have many goals that willing to be achieved at the same time, while some of them are conflict with each other.This situation was termed as motivation conflicts which can bring about many difficulties for marketers, while at the mean time, bring about many opportunities as well. Finally, it also discussed the importance for marketers’ understanding of customers’ involvement process, though this process is mainly about customers action on searching relevant products information. This is because many factors that exist in the world that can affect the degree of effort on searching the information as well as the ease of get access to relevant information.Reference list: Agrawal. M. L. 1989. Marketing of Hips and Lips. Business World. Bagozzi, R. P, Gurhan Canli and Priester, J. R, 2002. The social psychology of consumer behavioyr, Philadelphia , Open University Press. Engel. J. E, R. D. Blackwell and P. W. Miniard, 1994, Consumer Behaviour, 5th editions. The Dryden Press. Foxall, G. R, 1994. Sociology and the study of consumer behavior. American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Koler.P, 1994, Marketing Management Planning, Implementation and control. 6th edition. Prentice Hall of India. Maslow, Abraham, 1954. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper. Mower, J. C. 1987, Consumer Behaviour. Macmillan Publishing Co. Runyon, K. E and D. E. Steward, 1987. Consumer Behaviour. 3rd edition. Merill Publishing Co. Shail Patel and Antoine Schlijper, 2006, Models of Consumer Behavior. Unilever Corporate Research. Wilkie. W. L, 1986. Consumer Behaviour, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Introduction Of Intravenous Urography Definitions Health And Social Care Essay

Radiography scrutiny of urinary piece of land via endovenous injection of contrast media ( giving liquid substances straight into a vena ) .This construction became as a flow or urination.This flow did n't demo a clear image in a general x-ray.Although, with endovenous urography process, contrast media is injected into vena ( endovenous injection ) . The contrast media will flux through all the venas, that is focused at the kidney part and flows out at ureter and go as urine.The contrast media will be opaque to the x-ray.So, kidney, ureter, urethra construction and saddle sore vesica will be shown clearly as white or opaque countries on the x-ray image.The x-ray image is known as endovenous urography.PurposeIntravenous urography will finish information all about kidney disease, ureter and chafe bladder.This process consists of two phase.First, it needs good functional of kidney to filtrate dye comes out from blood to urine.Time that needed for dye to be on X ray is related with kidney function.Second stage gives anatomical image of urination piece of land. Between foremost proceedingss, the dye will give clear image of kidney, stage that called as nephrogram.The other image will follow dye that passes down to the ureter and saddle sore bladder.The last movie is taken after urine comes out will demo how the saddle sore vesica is emptied well.Intravenous urography by and large undergoes for valuate the abnormalcy construction or obstructor of the micturition piece of land.INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY HELPS IN THE PROBLEMSKdney rocks in the kidney ( a rock in kidney or ureter will be shown clearly on the x-ray movie ) , Urine infection ( if patient has infection at the vesica or kidney, endovenous urography helps to happen if patients has obstructor or unnatural kidney ) , haematuria / hemorrhage in piss ( it is caused by infections, annoyance and tumour in kidney.with endovenous urography, it can assist to happen the cause ) , obstructor or amendss at any portion at urination piece of land can be seen by endovenous urography.Contrast MEDIAHigh- osmolality contrast media ( HOCM ) or low-osmolality contrast media ( LOCM ) are acceptable but the undermentioned ‘high hazard ‘ groups should have LOCM such as babies and little kids and the aged, those with nephritic and / or cardiac failure, ill hydrated patients, patients with diabetes, myelomatosis or sickle-cell anemia, patients who have had a old terrible contrast medium reaction with LOCM or those with a strong allergic history.ADULTS DOSE50 milliliter.PAEDIATRIC DOSE1 ml kgE†°? .PATIENT PREPARATIONNo nutrient for 5 hours prior to the examination.The patient should non be overhydrated but should be usually hydrated.Dehydration is non necessary and does non better image quality.Patients should be, sooner, be ambulatory for 2 hr prior to the scrutiny to cut down intestine gas.The everyday disposal of bowel readying fails to better diagnostic quality of the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny and its usage makes the scrutiny more unpleasant for the pati ent, others claim there is no grounds this is advantageous. The patient should avoid the heavy repast prior to the scrutiny to cut down the sum of intestine gas, and the vesica should be empty.If the scrutiny is to be performed on a patient who has antecedently had a terrible contrast medium reaction, consideration should be given to administrating methyl Pediapred 32 milligram orally 12 and 2 hr prior to injection of contrast medium inaddition to guaranting that a LOCM is used Preliminary radiogram should be taken to show possible calcifications, concretions or other abnormalcies in the venters to happen the place of the kidneys, and to look into the technique factors.Preparation BEFORE INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY EXAMINATIONThe kidney should can be filter the contrast.For that, it is rare to make if the patient has unfunctional kidney.Before the process, the patient needs to undergoes blood trial to do certain the kidney is good function.The patient should inform the physician if there are any allergic reaction, prior to the contrast media likes iodine.The patient informed that do non devour any heavy repast certain hours before the procedure.This is to do certain, the patient ‘s colon is free from nutrients that can do the image became clear .The patient will be given laxatives ( dulcolax / heavy doses causes painful cramps ) before the procedure.the intent is to clean the intestine that can do the x-ray image more clear.The patient will besides be given the informed consent for patient understand about the procedure.If patient has diabetes and takes Glucophage, the patient should halt takes the pills for two yearss before the examination.This is caused by the combination of Glucophage and contrast media that maybe gives side effects to the kidney.AFTER THE PROCEDUREAfter the endovenous urography process, the physician will name the movies discourse how to do colony with the patient and family.As an illustration, the physician can non see both of the kidney x-ray image clearly after four hours, the patient should let them to see for the following process. There are many causes of the obstructors is kidney stones.the other causes are mass, tumour or malignant neoplastic disease at the tissue near the ureter.Sometimes, the hemorrhage in kidney can do blood coagulum that cause obstructor of micturition from gall vesica and ureter. See of this scrutiny, the physician will do two actions ; either waiting for yearss for the rocks pass out in urine or refer to the specializer of the Urology that maestro in micturition disease.If the endovenous urography shown the obstructor of big rock in the upper or in-between portion of ureter, the urologist possibly used lithotripter machine that send sound moving ridges to interrupt rocks to little atoms that can go through through the ureter easy and comes out from organic structure via piss.PRELIMINARY FILMSupine, full length AP of the venters, in inspiration.The lower boundary line of the cassette is at the degree of the symphysis pubic bone and x-ray beam is centred in the mid-line at the degree of the iliac crests.TechniqueThe average antecubital vena is the preferable injection site because flow is retarded in the cephalic vena as it pierces the clavipectoral fascia.A 19-G is advanced up the vena to cut down the hazard of a perivenous injection and the injection is give n quickly as a bolus to maximise the denseness of the nephrogram.Upper arm or shoulder hurting may be due to stasis of contrast medium in the vein.This is relieved by abduction of the arm. The patient is undress ( have oning infirmary gown ) and lying on the x-ray table.The contrast media is injected into venas or the arm.Ptient possibly feels pain.The contrast media is filtered via kidney and to ureter.The uninterrupted x-ray image is taken at the venters, normally every five proceedingss to ten proceedingss. Patient is lying on the x-ray tabular array when the x-ray image is taken but, the patient will teach to travel to the lavatory for micturution before the last x-ray image is taken.Although, a few x-ray image is taken for hours before the examinationin certain conditions.Patient can endorse place after the process is done.Patient can devour normal repast after the scrutiny.MoviesIMMEDIATE FILMAnteroposterior ( AP ) renal areas.This movies is exposed 10-14 seconds after the injection ( arm-to-kidney clip ) .Its purposes to demo the nephrogram, as an illustration the nephritic parenchyma opacified by contrast mediain the nephritic tubules.5-MINUTES FILMAP nephritic areas.This movie is taken to find if eliminations is symmetrical and is priceless for measuring the demand to modify technique, as an examplea farther injections of contrast media if there has been hapless initial opacification. A compaction set is now applied around the patient ‘s venters and the balloon positioned halfway between the anterior superior iliac spinal columns, as an illustration exactly over the ureters as they cross the pelvic brim.The purpose is to bring forth better pelvicalyceal distension.Compression is contraindicated after recent abdominal surgery, after nephritic injury, if there is a big abdominal mass and when the 5-minutes movie shows already distended calyces.15-MINUTES FILMAp of nephritic areas.There is normally equal distention of the pelvicalyceal systems with opaque piss by this time.Compression is releasd when satisfactory presentation of the pelvicalyceal systems has been achieved.RELEASE FILMSupine AP abdomen.This movie is taken to demo the whole urinary tract.If this movie is satisfactory, the patient is asked to empty their vesica.AFTER MICTURITION FILMBased on the clinical findings and the radiological findings on the earlier movies, this will be either a full-lengt h abdominal movie or a coned position of the vesica with the tubing angled 15 & A ; deg ; caudad and centred 5cm above the symphysis pubic bone. The chief value of this movie is to measure vesica voidance, to show a return to normal of dilated upper piece of lands with alleviation of vesica force per unit area, to help the diagnosing of vesica tumours, to corroborate ureterovesical junction concretion and, uncommonly, to show a urethral diverticulum in females.RISKS AND SIDE EFEECTSThere are small opportunities to acquire malignant neoplastic disease from radiation exposure.Radiation dosage that effectual from this process this is 3msv, same like people who are got the radiation in one year.Contrast media that is used in endovenous urography can do to irritation reaction to patients, sometimes it need medical treatment.Pregnant adult female should inform physician or radiographer if they are pregnant. Small per centum of patient that got serious allergic reaction to contrast media, like unable to talk, breath or sup, swollen at lips and lingua, low blood force per unit area or faint.During the contrast media is injected, patient feels hot.This allergic reaction to contrast media is rare to happen.The effects is inflammation of the tegument, annoyance and conceited lips, The serious effects is hard in take a breathing and swoon cause of the low blood force per unit area.DecisionRadiographer demand to hold a high grade of cognition, accomplishment, consciousness and involvement in this field so that they can carry through their day-to-day responsibilities efficaciously without seting patients life in danger.Contrast media is used in endovenous urography so that there are opaque or white countries at the kidney construction, ureter and vesica and this aid in better more clear x-ray image.Intavenous urography is an x-ray process that is used to name kidney jobs, ureter, vesica and ure thra tract.This construction became it as micturition tract.The urination piece of land did n't demo clear image in general x-ray image. Although, with endovenous uroraphy, contrast media is injected into the vien ( endovenous is the giving of liquid substances straight into a vena ) that focused at kidney and comes out through the ureter as urine.Contrast media will be opaque to the x-ray.So, the kidney, ureter and vesica will shown as white or opaque countries in x-ray image.X -ray image that green goods is known as endovenous urography.